Class of 1948
Zoë During published her comprehensive memoir “It’s Been Mostly Fun – The Memoir and Musings of a Maverick Medico” in 2005. The following biography is largely based on her memoir. (1) Her daughter, Miriam Kauders, provided further information in an oral interview and supplied the photos. Her daughter Camilla Dadson provided editorial assistance and further information. Other secondary sources are listed in the bibliography and are referenced. This biography was collated by Rennae Taylor.
Contents
Family History Prior to New Zealand
Zoë included an extensive family history in her memoir with many colourful tales. The following synopsis briefly outlines the chapter “Portrait of a Family”.
Grandparents:
Zoë’s paternal grandfather, Daniel Kennedy, was of Irish stock. He was a schoolmaster and an impecunious scientist. Before emigrating to Australia to seek his fortune in the Australian goldfields and establish schools, he had been a Lieutenant in the British Army in Hong Kong. In 1860, at the age of twenty-eight, he established Sandhurst Collegiate School in Bendigo and was headmaster to five hundred boys. He was far more interested in astronomy and scientific experimentation, and the subsequent three country schools he founded did not flourish. He was very remote with his three sons (Egbert, who became a civil engineer; Arthur (known as A.D.), who married into money, emigrated to New Zealand in 1920, and became quite well off owning several hotels and getting involved in the wine and spirit business before losing much of his wealth during the depression; Frederick (known as Fred) Adolphus who became Zoë’s father). Zoë’s paternal grandmother, Agnes McGregor-Higgs, came from English/Scottish stock, was sixteen years younger than her husband and was talented and spirited. She fled back to England when Zoë’s father was very young. She later became an accomplished painter and exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, London.
The surname “Smuts” is probably the best known of all Afrikaans surnames and can be traced back to Michiel and Cornelia Smuts, who emigrated with three children to Capetown in 1696. Probably the most illustrious one (from a different branch to Zoë’s) was Jan Christian Smuts. He was a Cambridge scholar, an effective Boer officer and, during World War I, became a member of the Imperial War Cabinet in England. After the war, he was instrumental in setting up the League of Nations.
Born in 1849, Zoë’s maternal grandfather, Cornelis Gerhardus Smuts, was one of twelve children, most of whom were successfully educated and did well in life. He was the black sheep of the family and loved the sea. He became a common sailor until his marriage in 1873, when he took a lowly clerical position in the Government Deeds Department. He became an alcoholic, yearning to be back on the sea. Zoë’s maternal grandmother, Sophia Petronella Johann Wolff, was thirteen years younger than her husband. The Wolffs were a Jewish family who had converted to Christianity one or two generations before the marriage. The Smuts family felt Cornelis had married beneath himself because of Sophia’s Jewish heritage and her father’s occupation as an undertaker. They had eight children, but only four survived infancy, including Zoë’s mother, Gladys Emily Martha.
Father and Mother in South Africa:
Zoë’s father, Frederick (Fred) Adolphus Kennedy, was born in Wagga Wagga, Australia, in 1872 and had no memory of his mother as he was very young when she deserted the family. After a boarding school education, his father did not have the finances to give any of his sons a university education. Fred was a dashing, athletic young man who became a trainee jackaroo. He learned management skills to run large sheep and cattle stations as he hoped to own his own station one day. After toiling for several years on a station of one million acres, learning and practising the necessary skills he needed, he found he had few financial resources to realise his dream, so in the 1890s, he went prospecting unsuccessfully for gold for several years. He then enlisted to fight in the Boer War (1899-1902) and became a very successful scout for the First New South Wales Mounted Regiment in South Africa. After the war, he was disillusioned with England and its imperialist propaganda and returned to South Africa. He joined the staff of the National Bank of South Africa in Capetown. He met and married Zoë’s mother soon after his arrival and worked for the bank until they emigrated to New Zealand in 1920.
Zoë’s mother was born in Capetown into this well-known Smuts Afrikaner lineage in 1885. She excelled at both games and academic work at school and had a lovely, untrained singing voice. She was the youngest in the family and her father’s pet – using the first letters of her name, he referred to her as his GEM. She was not close to her mother, whom she found lacking in patience and affection, and her older siblings were resentful of her closeness to her father. She was sixteen years old when her father died. Without her champion, she found herself in an unhappy home situation and was keen to leave. The easiest way was through marriage. Fred Kennedy, a Boer war veteran who was well-spoken, self-assured and had a steady job, was acceptable to her family, and they fostered the match.
Gladys, who was thirteen years younger than Fred, was vivacious and sociable and required lively social interactions to thrive. Fred wanted a quieter, more ordered domestic life. She was never really in love with Fred, although she admired his intelligence and serious interests. He sometimes found her choice of singing repertoire, which she shared in social situations, vulgar. During Zoë’s teenage years, Gladys confided she had had a lover as well as several abortions over her married life, which her general practitioner, “dear old Dr Kerr,” performed during their marriage in South Africa. Her father became uncontrollably jealous of her lover and decided to shoot him, but his plan somehow failed. Years later, Zoe was told that shortly after his attempt, her father suffered a physical breakdown, which left him impaired in sight and hearing.
It was after these events that her father decided to take his family and emigrate to New Zealand (NZ), where his brother A.D. had settled several years before. A.D. had described NZ as a country of great opportunity. Her mother put her family first and decided this was a wise step. Arthur was ten, Bryan thirteen, and Lorna fifteen when they left South Africa in 1920. They initially stayed with their uncle A.D. and his family in their large home in Melling, Lower Hutt. Their uncle enrolled and helped finance the children into the schools his own children went to: Miss Baber’s (which later grew into Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Karori) for Lorna, Wanganui Collegiate for Bryan, and a local prep school for Arthur.
Family History in New Zealand
Father and Mother:
Zoë described her family as a left-wing, irreligious family.
Zoë’s father, Fred, came to NZ with little capital but hoped to fulfil his youthful dream and buy a farm with a substantial mortgage. His brother recommended he buy a hotel, improve it, and sell it on to accumulate some funds. Fred had an unsuitable temperament for a publican, but Gladys was more suited to this lifestyle and coped well with it. They bought and sold the Dannevirke and Hastings Hotels. Later, with the help of a large mortgage, they bought the Gisborne Hotel, which unfortunately failed to live up to the expectations that their uncle had predicted. This hotel took them very close to bankruptcy. Fred had wanted to buy a farm with the funds accumulated with the sale of the Hastings Hotel, so he was very bitter and severed relations with his brother A.D.
The family moved to Wellington and physically dissociated from his brother, he also did so symbolically by changing their surname to Smuts-Kennedy. Fred started a Land and Estate Agency business and also had an agency for State Coal where people would come to order wood, coke, and coal. It was never very successful, and when their son Arthur was bringing in a moderate, steady bank income, Fred retired – he was well over sixty by this time. Despite his poor eyesight, he was still able to enjoy some reading and his one luxury was to subscribe to Current History, National Geographical Magazine, and the Moscow News. He would play patience by himself, chess with Arthur, and cribbage with Zoë. He died in 1945 at the age of seventy-one years. Zoë was twenty.
When they moved to Wellington, the family rented a large house on The Terrace and took in student boarders to supplement their income. Gladys was able to get a position as a housekeeper at Nga Tawa, a girls’ boarding school in Marton. During this time, the school had a major fire, and Gladys enjoyed being responsible for furnishing and stocking the rebuilt boarding establishment. She was sad to have to leave here when, in 1925, at the age of forty, she was heavily pregnant with Zoë. The family were now living in Oriental Bay. On her return, Gladys could not afford to stop working, so she bought and managed a small business, a cake kitchen in Courtney Place, which she ran on her own, putting in eighteen-hour days: she would start at four in the morning and finish at ten in the evening. When Zoë was born on 15 February 1925, she employed a woman to look after her. She would take Zoë to the Cake Kitchen to be breastfed until she was nine months old. Gladys always worked during Zoë’s preschool years, but for the last year or so, she took on a less demanding role, managing the Mayfair cabaret in Cuba Street. Zoë’s mother was the chief breadwinner prior to and early on in Zoë’s childhood. She died in September 1944 of suicide by drowning after being admitted for anxiety and depression to Hamner Springs Hospital. This was a difficult time for Zoë as her boyfriend, to whom she was unofficially engaged, ended their relationship at around the same time.
Siblings:
Zoë looked back on her childhood with the impression that she had five adults overseeing and lovingly caring for her throughout her childhood and while at university. At the time of her birth, Lorna was twenty, a dental nurse and subsequently had an unhappy marriage to a Hawke’s Bay farmer. She was very good to Zoë, who spent many school holidays on the farm. Bryan, eighteen years older, became a successful Wellington businessman. Arthur, fifteen years older, in particular, was very good to Zoë and his parents and did not get married until Zoë married. He became a bank clerk and later in life became a market gardener.
Childhood
Zoë described her early years as follows:
I was a happy, easy baby and I do not think that I suffered in the least from my mother having to put me in the care of others during my babyhood and preschool years while she worked those long hours in her cake kitchen. This was despite the fact that both women she employed to do so turned out to be quite mentally disturbed….It is strange that the three women (if I include my mother) who looked after me in my formative years, all ended their lives by killing themselves, but these women’s depressive tendencies did not seem to affect me in the least. I had luckily inherited the biochemistry that determines a basically cheerful temperament and, until the last few years of her life, my mother’s disposition was in fact remarkably bright and positive. She was often lightheartedly gay despite having to live under the strain of continual and severe money worries. Moreover, I was cushioned from our penury as much as possible and grew up happily basking in an almost wickedly supportive family atmosphere. I was indeed the pampered darling, the adored spoilt brat.
From the age of three until she started school at five, the Sisters of Mercy at St Mary’s Convent in Hill Street, Wellington, accepted Zoë as a weekly boarder in their orphanage, and according to her mother’s recollections, she was quite a favourite with the nuns. From five until eleven years of age, she attended the Marsden Anglican Preparatory School, which had a roll of about thirty young girls and was situated in a large house in Thorndon. She loved History and English and recalled getting 20/20 for an essay on the Chartist movement (a British working-class movement for parliamentary reform that was especially strong during the mid-nineteenth century). Zoë doubted the essay was that good but believes the teacher was impressed that a young schoolgirl would have such a passionate concern for social justice and righteous indignation at how the ruling classes had ridden roughshod over the toiling masses over the centuries. From the age of eleven, she attended Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Karori, which only catered to young women. She was never among the top students as she was not strong in languages or the sciences. She was able to take dancing lessons at the school for which her brother Arthur paid, a passion which she enjoyed into her senior years. At the age of around twelve, she switched from dancing to piano lessons.
Zoë was the sex educator among her friends at school. At about the age of twelve, her mother’s friend got a loan of The Encylopaedia of Sexual Knowledge from the Family Planning library. Zoë, already loving teaching, became a source of detailed and up-to-date knowledge on the subject. She also enlightened them on abortion and the misery suffered by women having to go to the “backstreets” for the procedure. Being a child among adults at home, she knew babies sometimes came along when mothers felt they could not properly look after them.
After a few years, the family finances were not coping with the Marsden school fees. Her mother investigated changing her to Sacre Coeur Convent School, which was much less expensive. She was asked to keep it secret when Marsden provided a scholarship which paid for her classes until she completed her education. For her last two years at school, again thanks to her brother Arthur’s generosity, she attended Miss Patsy Ashbolt’s ballroom dancing classes and became somewhat popular with the boys taking the classes.
Victoria University and Dunedin Medical School
Zoë left school a year earlier than everyone else after passing her matriculation exam in 1941. Her brother Arthur was a conscientious objector and was preparing to be imprisoned for his stand. He wanted her to get started towards her medical degree as soon as possible. However, he was declared medically unfit, so prison never eventuated. But it did leave Zoë at a disadvantage as she missed out on the science subjects in the sixth form curriculum, which would have made her first year of medical intermediate easier.
She attended Victoria University and realised that if she had been given any vocational guidance, she would never have attempted to sit all three and a half units for her Medical Preliminary exam in the first year. In retrospect, she realized she had never been interested in the sciences and was unsuited to becoming a doctor. She had been influenced to be a psychoanalyst by a close family friend who recommended she should take the medical route. With the help of boyfriends, physics tutors, and possibly her physics professor (who was sending his own daughters to Marsden), she scraped through her physics exam and managed to get an overall 60% average mark in the finals, which was about the minimum needed to be accepted to Dunedin Medical School that year. She was also successful in receiving a Medical Bursary from her second university year onwards. During her year at Victoria, she stayed in one of the girls’ hostels as her parents were staying on the farm with her sister Lorna, who needed their help. She would study in the library until it closed, and a kind Chinese student would escort her back to her hostel, where her room was cold and tiny.
Zoë enjoyed being exposed to other radical left-wingers that year, especially through her summer employment at Modern Books, which brought her into contact with others of this ilk. She was a very earnest young woman who never drank nor flirted. She described herself thus:
So there I was, a young radical who believed in free love (but never practised it) and a budding communist, but in fact a closet puritan, almost a killjoy wowser…. I had joined the Communist Party as soon as I became eligible to do so, which was on the dot of turning eighteen, about a week before I left Wellington to embark upon Second Year….Unlike what pertained at Vic, membership of the Communist Party at Otago made one an outsider, not an accepted or esteemed part of the student body. I felt stuck between on the one hand, uninspiring political comrades and on the other, cliquish medical students. I had no contact with any of the boys in my class, and the girls rather reinforced my belief that medical students were generally limited and dull. This was of course also grossly unfair and quite untrue, simply my reaction to being socially isolated.
Zoë’s mother accompanied her to Dunedin. They rented two inexpensive furnished rooms with a small kitchenette and bathroom, and her mother took a housekeeping job for the Dean of the School of Home Sciences.
The first two years she spent at Dunedin (second and third year of medicine) were devoted almost entirely to Anatomy, Histology, Biochemistry, and Physiology. Zoë describes her study at this time:
As always I was prepared to tussle with the mass of theoretical material and try to memorize it for later regurgitation but I found histology (recognizing the different tissue and organ cells under the microscope) especially difficult, as I must be pathologically unobservant. I was even more stumped by the practical skill, seemingly natural to everyone else, of dissection….Letting me loose on the arm of the ‘bod’ that I shared with my partner Mary Tolley, spelt disaster for any self-respecting competent dissector like her. After a very few weeks of surveying the havoc created whenever it was my turn to apply the knife, she sensibly offered to take over the job completely herself. So for the next two years and just a little play-acting when a demonstrator or lecturer came by, I did absolutely none of the required dissection. The body was beautifully dissected by Mary and I swotted up my anatomy quite theoretically from bones plus a little help from good old Gray’s Anatomy and an occasional glance at Mary’s fine handiwork…In the Professional exam at the end of third year, I managed outrageously to be given the rather good mark of 58%. This was better than poor Mary’s result and actually brought me to the bottom of the top third of the class. Physiology was an easier subject as I was more attuned to learning how the body worked than its precise structure, but here too I was undeservedly lucky…I got better marks in physiology than just about any other subject at Medical School. We did these practical periods in groups of four, and my group included the wunderkind, Marianne Fillenz…Her work was of a standard that later got her a job at Oxford where she remained for many years as a neuroscientist of some repute.
Zoë, in retrospect, realised her mother was becoming increasingly unwell mentally and had begun to fuss and worry about her daughter more and more. On their return to Wellington after her first year in Dunedin, her mother was told by the family doctor that she was not to return to Dunedin. Zoë was unsuccessful in getting into St Margaret’s College, so she started off the following year boarding in a pleasant house in London Street, where she shared an enormous bedroom with four other girls, none of whom were students. However, it was too expensive for her brothers to finance, so she moved to the cheaper YWCA and spent most of the year in a little damp room on her own.
A relationship which had started at the end of her year at Victoria blossomed during her first year in Dunedin. By the second year, they were quite serious and had become informally engaged. However, in early August, he informed her via letter that he wanted to become disentangled from their commitment as he was in line for a Rhodes scholarship and needed to be single and free. Zoë was devastated and found it a dreadful blow to her pride. In her memoir, she recalls she found the suddenness and enormity of the wrench overwhelming. In retrospect, she realized that she was too numb to feel her mother’s death a month later in September 1944 as significantly as she otherwise would have. At the end of the year, she took the Third Year First Professional Examination, which covered what they had learned over the past two years. She was surprised when she did quite well.
During her first summer back in Wellington, she was sent to work in a tobacco factory for the war effort. However, after one week, she could no longer bear it (she had an innate inability to do any repetitive tasks) and managed to persuade the authorities to give her an alternative position. She became a wardsmaid at Wellington Hospital, which suited her temperament much better, although the shifts were split into a morning and an evening shift, which exhausted her. Zoë, in her memoir, describes the summer work, which she found very challenging.
For any normal, healthy girl the work was probably not too demanding, but I was neither normal nor healthy, rather a spoilt brat and a weakling, one who had never before been required to do a stint of physical work, not even a speck of housework. Becoming a wardsmaid was for me like being thrown in the deep end, sink or swim. With great difficulty, I just managed to swim. Our daily tasks included washing all the dishes for fifty to sixty patients after every meal and morning tea and supper, keeping the ward kitchen clean and tidy (which meant waging constant war against an army of cockroaches), washing and polishing the ward and nearby corridor floors, and cleaning the ward lavatories….Each task had to be done to the satisfaction of the big chief, the ward sister.
At the end of her third year, she returned to the same summer work. This time she was offered a bed to sleep in during her afternoon break by a young man she had been introduced to; he boarded in a home close to the hospital. She became friendly with this young man, and in February, they were married. She had known him for around a total of three weeks and recalls this time:
Why marriage suddenly to this new acquaintance? Partly because those were the days when girls married rather than slept with a serious boyfriend and it may have had something to do with a lack of security, not that I was aware of any such feeling….I had suffered the loss of two very significant people in my life, and it is conceivable that unconsciously I was seeking stability, a rock to which I could forever afterwards hold fast….I turned twenty on the fifteenth of February and exactly one week later, the day before my return to Otago, Peter and I went to the Wellington registry office where, with a minimum of fuss, the foreign twenty-nine year old stranger became my husband. The witnesses to the marriage were co-opted clerks in the office. We did not tell a soul about it….to marry at my age required parental consent….I cheerfully lied about my age, making my birth date a year earlier than the true one….I think I rather enjoyed the secrecy and the craziness of an action that could, I now realise, could have so easily turned out to be disastrous….the next day I went down to Dunedin and Peter continued to drive his bulldozer, the job being far too lucrative, at ten pounds a week to be easily jettisoned….
Later that year, Peter joined me in Dunedin, and got taken on as a builder’s labourer on the construction of the new Physiotherapy Block of the Medical School. Over the year and a half (1945 and 46) that we were in Dunedin, we rented a series of bedsitting rooms in large old houses and finally a small cottage in the suburb of North East Valley….we took in a boarder (Bob Anderson a second year medical student who never complained) to help cover the rent….we had the same evening meal day after day. It was a very healthy one consisting of boiled scrubbed potatoes, then pumpkin would be added, then carrots, and for the final few minutes plenty of cabbage leaves, and on top of them a black pudding. The latter was one of the cheapest sources of what we thought was good animal protein, and also of iron. Occasionally a threepenny chop each or a lamb’s fry, or tripe would provide variety and perhaps a small roast on Sunday. Wheat (Vimax) or oatmeal porridge with brown sugar and milk was our routine breakfast and each of us made our own cut lunch: wholemeal sandwiches filled with cheese, lettuce, and vegemite, sardine, tomato or peanut butter, and occasionally the addition of a hard-boiled egg. We drank plain water and milk mostly as cocoa.
Most of the women in my class tended to be a little less than friendly, and I was probably biased in my attitude towards them, seeing them as cliquish creatures with well-to-do fathers who had come straight from their boarding schools….to St Mags and thus into the swim of Otago’s rather snobbish social life….Recent class reunions have brought me closer to quite a few of these old colleagues, both men and women, whom at Otago I stereotyped and wrote off in youthful arrogance and ignorance. I now find them estimable and interesting people. (Zoë then gives special mention to Jean Boyd, Dorothy Potter and Win Croke. Another married student, Rina Ropiha, who married Ian Moore, became her best friend during her married phase at medical school, and she later became godmother to their first child.)
With the war ended and a modest but very worthwhile nest egg saved from five years of meagre earnings, Peter decided to use the money to study as he had long hoped he might do. He did this during my fifth year, along with a number of men back from the war, most of whom hoped to do medicine and all doing medical intermediate. He was bright and conscientious and finished the year very well and later was to be the top student (tied with one other) when he finished his degree at Massey.
At the end of fifth year, we left Otago University. We went from Dunedin to Lake Wanaka where I was to be the Camp Doctor for the YWCA girls’ camp and Peter luckily managed to get a job as a waiter at the Wanaka Hotel. They were good holiday jobs for both of us, although I found having to diagnose a child’s complaint agonizingly difficult at times….After Wanaka we indulged in a marvelous two-week holiday at Arthur’s Pass, staying at absurdly cheap accommodation….We were then back in Wellington. For Peter, it could only be a short stay, as he would spend the next three years at Massey, studying for his BAgSc, while I hoped to be at Wellington Hospital not just for my clinical sixth year but also after qualifying as a house surgeon.
Husband’s Early Years
Peter’s original name, which he never liked, was Cornelius Kauders. On the ship’s passage to New Zealand, when asked his name, he said Peter. When he became a naturalised New Zealander, he changed his surname to During, a simpler version of his mother’s maiden name, Dühring. Coincidentally, when Peter came to visit Zoë in her home for the first time, she was reading Friedrich Engel’s Marxist classic Anti-Dühring, which was about Peter’s distant relative.
Peter’s father, Hans Kauders, was born in Prague into a secular, upper-middle-class Jewish family. Like his father, he became a lawyer but found it boring. He studied art and literature at the Sorbonne and Munich and started to edit articles on art and literature, which was not an overly financial occupation. Later in life, he became a translator of mainly French authors, including Balzac and Victor Hugo, into the German language. Peter’s mother, Elisabeth (Liesl) Dühring, was an Aryan German, and when her father died when she was eleven, his last words reputedly were “Don’t let Liesl marry a Jew”. She was responsible for the family moving from Munich to the southern Italian-speaking Swiss canton of Ticino in 1929, as even then, she was becoming apprehensive about the changing attitude toward Jewish families. Peter, in later years, said the main influence on his life had been the German Schüle Schloss Salem boarding school, which he had attended from age ten to nineteen years (1926 to 1935) when he matriculated. He loved the school and was not particularly happy at home. The school was started by Prince Max von Baden, and the first headmaster was Kurt Hahn, who later founded the Gordonstoun School in Scotland and the Outward Bound movement. Salem sought to teach the importance of serving the community and coping stoically with challenges while maintaining the highest of moral standards in one’s personal life. Peter was exposed to Nazism, which included being demoted as a prefect. The founders were certainly not of this persuasion.
Peter was fortunate to escape the Holocaust. One month before the German invasion of Czechoslovakia, he was able to get to England on a one-month visitor’s visa and was then able to become a refugee. He was fortunate to be chosen to emigrate to New Zealand despite lacking the financial resources of £400. The NZ High Commissioner in England, who thought Peter would become a useful NZ citizen, was a friend of Walter Nash and put in a good word for him. He was guaranteed employment, and in 1940, he left for NZ. Zoë recalls his early years:
In his new country Peter worked hard on farms in the Waikato, his first wage being a pound a week. Noting that the animals were being given whole milk he sought his employer’s permission to buy a separator and a churn and be allowed to collect the cream, which he then made into butter and sold. In his odd hours of spare time he grew tomatoes on unused land near the farmhouse and sold them. He felt that in order to study he would need to save every penny of his low wage….When I married him he still wore some of the clothes that he had had at school….By then, he had managed to accumulate the princely sum of £500 despite having earned only the low wages of a farm labourer.
His daughter Miriam described her father as a very handsome, reserved European gentleman. His aunt Gertl (Gertrud Kauders) was murdered in a Polish concentration camp during the Holocaust. Peter was very close to his aunt and stayed with her during school holidays. He never really recovered from losing his aunt in this way.
Sixth Year and House Surgeon Years
Zoë did her sixth year clinical at Wellington Hospital and lived in an inexpensive dwelling which belonged to old friends in Lower Hutt. During the sixth year, she was required to deliver twenty babies under the supervision of various general practitioners. Since she spent her daytime hours at Wellington Hospital, she had to complete her deliveries at night at the Hutt Hospital. The delivery midwife would call her, and she would rush to the hospital on her second-hand bicycle, which she reluctantly learned to ride but never mastered. She generally found that the doctors tended to be “little tin Gods” in those days, and women were ill-informed about childbirth.
Near the end of July, in her sixth year, she became very breathless and, when checked, was found to have a massive tuberculous pleural effusion. She was hospitalised in Wellington Hospital and put on complete bedrest in a private room with a nice view for four months and then convalesced for four months at her sister’s home in Hawke’s Bay. She enjoyed the enforced rest in the hospital. She ordered books from the library and had a radio so she could plan the music she would listen to each day from the daily newspaper. Zoë recalls those months shut up alone in the hospital room with her books and music as the “happiest time of my life” despite gaining three stone (nearly twenty kilograms). Due to her illness, she had to repeat her sixth year. She successfully passed her exams in 1948 and gained her MB ChB.
She applied to become a house surgeon at Palmerston North Hospital to be close to Peter, who was still studying at Massey University. However, she was turned down and so accepted a position at Napier Hospital. There were five living in the medical quarters of the hospital during her time there – four house surgeons, two of whom were women, and the deputy medical superintendent. She enjoyed working with her colleague Dorothy Potter nee Ussher, who later qualified as a medical ophthalmologist. Dorothy wanted surgical experience, which suited Zoë well as she much preferred the medical wards. One major concern she had was the lack of any lead aprons at Napier to act as a shield during radiological examinations. At Wellington, they had been meticulous in their use. She was grateful when she became pregnant that she had not been exposed to radiation in the previous weeks leading up to her pregnancy.
Peter graduated from Massey at the end of 1949, and Zoe left Napier later that year, as it was not seen as appropriate for a woman to work in the latter weeks of pregnancy. However, she was able to get an easy temporary job in the Health Department in Palmerston North for the last few weeks of the school term, where she examined eleven-year-olds at Intermediate Schools.
Motherhood and Wellington Medical Officer
Zoë delivered her firstborn, Simon, at St Helen’s Hospital, Wellington, early in 1950. She had a long labour and found the “twilight sleep” (a combination of morphine and hyoscine), which was used as pain relief at that time, very ineffectual and caused her to have hallucinations; she eventually had a forceps delivery. Mothers did not get out of bed until the ninth day and went home around the fourteenth day. She was impressed with the support she received with breastfeeding; she had one nursing sister who concentrated solely on this job. She breastfed all five of her children.
Zoe and Peter were able to get a self-contained flat in a house in Melrose – free of charge if she gave the elderly parents lunch and kept a medical eye on them through the day while the landlord’s daughter was at work. They were able to save most of Peter’s modest salary towards a future down payment on their own home.
Zoë considered her future career path:
I was not sure what sort of medical work I should do in the future. I briefly considered becoming a general practitioner and was told that there was a good opening in Titahi Bay….But I knew I was not really cut out to be a GP, and certainly did not have the stamina or temperament to cope with the demands of practice in addition to those at home….Preventative medicine was more my cup of tea, and so when the baby was five and a half months old, despite the lowly status within the profession of anyone working in public health, I decided to join the Health Department and so became one of its reviled medical officers.
Zoë started as a part-time Medical Officer of Health (MOH) in the Wellington District Health office and, a few months later, when Simon was fully weaned, went full-time. Two local housewives were employed to look after him. She continued in the Wellington office until the end of 1961. During these years, she gave birth to four more children, with Michiel arriving towards the end of 1958. She worked right up to all their births and returned to work about three weeks later. Her daughter Camilla said her mother did not believe in the importance of mother-infant bonding.
By the time Miriam, her third child, arrived they had built a house large enough to have live-in help in the rural area of Tawa. Around this time, Peter’s widowed mother emigrated and became part of the family. Zoë managed to breastfeed by setting the alarm for 4am for the first feed, then the second at about 7:50am before rushing out the door to work; she returned at lunchtime for the next feed (the health department allowed her two hours in return for her doing evening health education sessions), and the final feeds were at home – about 5pm and 8:30pm.
Zoë enjoyed the undemanding MOH job, although she found it a little dull at times. Some of the responsibilities of her job were:
- Plunket clinic examination of preschoolers and school children in schools: Over many years, she worked with Plunket and public health nurses (PHN) and learned to respect them enormously. The PHN later took over this role, and mostly only referrals for learning and behavioural problems were given to her.
- Immunisation: For many years, departmental medical officers were the only people immunising the children. This was done in central clinics, and she found that most mothers were motivated to protect their babies.
- Examining applicants for the Teachers Training College: This practice occurred during the 1950s. They had to reject those with asthma and mental illness (no applicant ever admitted to the latter).
- A representative for the Health Dept on the Standards Institute Committee to develop a “standard list” for properly fitting shoes for NZ schoolchildren: There was an unproven impression that NZ children had wider feet than the average English child, probably because they went barefoot much of the time. After a trial with two widths of brogue shoes, the sales were unsuccessful. She used a foot measurement machine (developed by the DSIR technicians) for years in her examinations and found that many children were wearing shoes a full size shorter than their feet.
- Sex Education: Early on, she was asked to come to Wellington Technical College to give a talk on sex education as several girls had become pregnant during that term. Her MOH allowed her to develop a program to teach all fourth-form classes at the school for 10 to 12 sessions, covering topics such as nutrition, smoking, alcohol, and then boy-girl relationships, including contraception and sexually transmitted diseases. Zoë enjoyed teaching and found she had a captive audience. Over the next few years, she gave health education courses at several other colleges and sometimes even a primary school, where she covered topics such as menstruation and the miracle of reproduction. This contact with schools resulted in her receiving referrals from teachers who were concerned about a student.
- Health Promotion: She also enjoyed these sessions and spent as much time as possible talking to various groups, including tertiary students during the daytime, parent groups at night, and the local Plunket committees at their annual general meetings. She realised her true vocation was teaching and would spend time during her child examinations teaching the mother about diet, sleeping patterns, and daily routines. She had been taught during her medical training by Dr Muriel Bell and closely followed her advice about diet (more fruit and vegetables and more whole grain foods including bread and porridge). In these pre-fluoride days, she found many preschool children had significant cavities.
Zoë took copious notes to help her in her work. Examples of some of these notes come from a diary her daughter showed us:
In 1956, they moved to the suburb of Days Bay and lived here for seven years. They developed many friendships during this time, especially with Jewish men and women who had escaped the Holocaust and had come to NZ as refugees. Her memoir records many of these friendships and her admiration of their courage and industriousness, which they brought to their new homeland.
Zoë’s last two years in the Wellington office were unhappy as a new boss made life very difficult for her, often reducing her to tears. After twelve years, she refused to have an official farewell party before moving to the newly opened Lower Hutt District Health Office (DHO) but appreciated the party the PHNs put on for her.
Zoë enjoyed her position at the Hutt DHO for the next two years and appreciated the comradeship of Dr Margie Neave. Part of Zoë’s work involved working for three consecutive days each month in the rural Wairarapa, which she particularly enjoyed. She stayed at the local pub in Masterton for two nights and found making conversation with the commercial travellers was often painful, so she was pleased when the Workers’ Educational Association (WEA) had a discussion workshop on the same night as her scheduled visits.
Towards the end of 1963, the field staff of the Dept of Agriculture were required to leave Wellington and join one of the country’s research centres. For Peter, this meant moving to Ruakura near Hamilton, where he would continue his research, which focused on why soils in certain areas were unproductive, and then setting about to find a remedy, which usually meant applying a nutrient or chemical element to the soil. His research made a difference to unproductive soils in such areas as Pakihi (south of Westport) and Te Anau.
Later Career in Waikato
At the time of their move to Hamilton, the MOH boss, who had made life difficult for her in her last couple of years in the Wellington office, was now the Director of Health and in charge of MOHs throughout NZ. She informed Zoë there were no available MOH positions in Hamilton, and in order to continue in government employment, she would need to work at Tokanui, the psychiatric hospital 27 miles south of Hamilton. The MOHs also needed to act as the GP for their patients. It was a stressful time – Zoë needed to go back to her textbooks to review her psychiatry, medical emergencies, and other health problems. They knew that living in landlocked Hamilton, which was often fogged in, would be difficult after living by the ocean, so very early on, they bought a section in Whitianga, and Peter built a small bach, which they loved.
In 1964, Zoë was fortunate to begin at Tokanui Psychiatric Hospital with the new medical superintendent, Dr Henry Bennett, who was a kind man and ran the hospital as a “benign, enlightened father figure”. Zoë reports in her memoir that he was probably the first medical superintendent in NZ to civilise mental hospitals. He opened the place up, keeping in seclusion (in a small room under lock and key) only the rare patient who truly was a danger to himself or others.
She was only allocated to the women’s wards, although she had to take her turn on admissions and be on call for emergencies. There were 1200 patients and only two psychiatrists. The other five or six doctors were often ex-patients who had had problems with alcoholism or drug addiction or who suffered a depressive or bipolar illness of sufficient severity to prevent them from practising in their previous jobs. She felt most of the sisters in charge of the wards were born nurturers and carried out their duties well.
Zoë did not like giving ECT (electro-convulsive therapy), but by 1964 the technique had been modified so patients did not have the severe convulsions which occurred earlier on in its use. She was asked by Dr Bennett to take over the care of essentially harmless adolescent girls. She set up a special unit, developing a program to train them in housework so they could be usefully employed as home help. Mrs. Church, one of the “Friends of Tokanui” and a kind-hearted farmer’s wife with two teenage children of her own, was employed. The aim was to get these young women out of the hospital and into paid employment. Her programme was looked on with much scepticism by her colleagues, but it proved to be successful for many of the young girls and kept them from “rotting away in hospital for years”. When a position came up for a medical officer in the Hamilton office, Zoë was given permission to continue working at Tokanui one day a week so she could continue to supervise the adolescent unit. She also developed a scheme whereby public health nurses would follow up with all discharged patients to monitor the ongoing continuation of their medications. This was necessary for patients who had experienced significant improvement while on their anti-psychotic and anti-depressant medications and so thought they were cured. She also gave courses on mental health to the young men and women training to be psychiatric nurses.
During the late sixties and early seventies, people in general were becoming more casually dressed. Zoë recalls her feelings about this trend:
Tokanui’s nurse-trainees were dressing more casually. Their standard of attire was slipping, not just when they were around the hospital attending lectures but even when they were on duty on the wards. The considerably older senior staff were aghast at what was happening, shocked to see the nurses attending patients with untidy hair while wearing jandals, and their general appearance slipshod….I strongly believed, and still do, that one should keep one’s professional role paramount, and that includes dressing in accordance with that role. I think patients, even mentally sick people, are reassured by seeing nurses trim and neat in uniform. It is true that patients caught up in the bizarre world of schizophrenia or the trough of depression couldn’t care less about keeping up their own appearance, see no point in being clean and tidy, but all the more reason for their being surrounded in hospital by good role models that encourage a return to premorbid standards. And so it came about that the senior staff asked me to be the one to talk to the trainees about standards of dress, to gently read the riot act and explain why they must smarten up and why I, for one, thought it was important, I think I was able to pave the way to their accepting rules about dress that the hospital then made explicit.
Zoë and Peter’s years in Hamilton were exceptionally full as the children were busy with their studies and after-school activities, including learning various musical instruments. Four of the children learned two instruments each. After twelve years, Zoë discontinued live-in help, and the children were each given tasks to do around the home. Soon after moving to Hamilton, she joined Amnesty International and often held fund-raising dinners in their large living room.
Zoë continued to enjoy the teaching and lecturing responsibilities which came her way. In 1970, she was asked to give a few talks in Auckland to medical students and the NZ Association of Social Workers on attitudes to sex and the sexual revolution. She was then asked to give a paper to the Homosexual Law Reform Association. This led to her being asked to become one of their Vice-Presidents. She was also sympathetic to the Abortion Law Reforms.
Zoë kept her knowledge current by reading many of the eclectic lists of journals that Head Office subscribed to – these journals included the UK and American medical journals as well as those which concerned paediatrics, public health, psychiatry and those covering the social sciences with articles on poverty, violence, physical abuse secondary to corporal punishment, war and nuclear disarmament, race and Māori issues and Māori health, feminism, and women’s health alternative and holistic medicine.
There were always a pile of journals on my desk to be perused at home….How did I cope with so much stuff? I simply ran down each periodical’s list of contents to see if there were any articles on the specific subjects that interested me, then I quickly perused them to see if they merited more leisurely reading, in which case I would get them photocopied….After carefully going through my photocopies at home, I would then add them to my personal filing system kept at home in a largish four-drawer filing cabinet. I truly needed my voluminous collection of material to keep myself well informed and competent to lecture on a host of subjects to various groups.
In 1974, after both she and Peter had completed twenty years of service as Public Servants, they took the three months paid leave due to them and had an overseas trip where they visited the Soviet Union, Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Peter presented a paper in Moscow at the International Soil Congress, and Zoë made arrangements to visit one of their psychiatric hospitals and a kindergarten, and she learned about family planning Soviet style – the IUD was the method most recommended. There was concern about the low birth rate despite the government’s encouragement of larger families. Most couples only had one or (at the most) two children, and abortion was easily obtained. Women endeavoured to stay in education as long as possible to “become more cultured” and then wanted to stay employed, so they made sure their offspring were few. Illegitimacy was very low, as girls would get an abortion.
The place Zoë found most inspiring on this trip was the St. Christopher’s Hospice in England, founded in 1967. She wrote a detailed report of their work and sent it to NZ Head Office, along with a strong plea that “NZ should establish similar hospices….as soon as possible”. From her exposure to the USA system, she made the recommendation to the Head Office that they consider using trained lay people and trained nurse practitioners to provide services in NZ, but “it fell on deaf ears”.
In 1977, the Head Office created a new Senior Medical Officer (SMO) position, and Zoë was appointed as the one for her area. Their brief was to be responsible for the other MOH in their district office and to develop and integrate child health services, which was quite impossible to achieve since they had no jurisdiction over the key workers in the field – the public health workers. In 1978, their office was given an ear caravan to visit the schools, which helped to identify those children with problems such as glue ear early on, which was very common.
Later Career in South Auckland
Towards the end of 1978, South Auckland advertised for a SMO, and Zoë was the successful candidate. She remained in this position until her retirement at the end of 1985 after forty years of service. She and Peter had decided they would retire to Auckland, so they were pleased with this final assignment. This new position carried some interpersonal challenges for her, but as time passed, most of the difficult personalities retired or moved on, and Zoë was able to recruit two new excellent MOHs.
They were able to purchase a site on the cliff at the Cockle Bay end of Howick. Peter designed their new home, which was functional and warm, and created a garden which was both productive and beautiful. Zoë loved the roses and picked them daily to arrange in vases throughout the house.
One of Zoe’s responsibilities was being the Health Department doctor for the Pakuranga Children’s Health Camp, which she enjoyed. In 1984, she wrote a comprehensive review as part of the nationwide review on health camps. She was positive about the contribution they made to many families but suggested that for some families, there was an appreciable hard core of social pathology, and it was something that Health Camps had no hope of remedying. She continued on the camp management committee after her retirement until 1996. As South Auckland’s SMO she also became a member of both Waimokoia School’s Board of Trustees as well as its Advisory Committee, which met each term to consider new admissions and discharges. This was a boarding school for children of average intelligence with severe behavioural and learning problems. She was also the representative member on the Child Protection Coordinating Team in Mangere, South Auckland. During the years she was on this team, there was an increasing number of referrals for sexual abuse by young boy offenders. They also had to deal with corporeal punishment abuse. She would often present a paper to the teachers at their study days entitled “The Case Against Corporeal Punishment – in Homes as well as Schools.” The team was unable to teach parents how to discipline children in a civilised manner – many felt that discipline involved hitting hard enough to cause pain. She also did the follow-up of postnatal deaths, often called cot deaths or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, using the questionnaire developed by Dr Shirley Tonkin, who became an international expert in this area.
Zoë was interviewed by Lesley Max for her book “Children – Endangered Species”, which was published in 1990. The Pacific Foundation for Health, Education, and Parent Support was set up following this publication to try to break the cycle of disadvantage. Zoë was asked onto the Foundation’s Board of Trustees and was able to contribute from her years of experience as a MOH.
She was also involved in the reporting on child care centres in her communities, examining the children with various physical handicaps, and was on the Advisory Committee of the Physically Handicapped Unit in Papatoetoe, South Auckland and the Department’s representative on the Sheltered Workshops Management Committee. She was encouraged to see how much the intellectually challenged could achieve when they attended these workshops.
In addition to these meetings, there were at least eight other committees she was expected to attend on top of all her other work and she felt they were mostly a dreadful waste of time. She also continued her health education talks – about thirty per year, including two Plunket trainees and the Howick Obstetric Hospital’s antenatal program.
Retirement
In 1985, at the age of sixty, Zoë was required to retire but was able to carry on in a temporary part-time role, which she did for the next two years. She was involved in setting up the Howick branch of U3A and, when asked to speak, spoke about poverty – a topic dear to her heart. She entitled the talk “The Increasing Polarisation of Rich and Poor”. A couple of years later, she spoke on “Infuriating Concerns”, which included information on nutrition and how clever marketing encourages the eating of “rubbishy” foods with high levels of sugars and fats.
She also spoke about the demise of the public health service and wrote a short paper on the subject called “Making Our Communities Healthier and Safer for Children, for Everyone”. She started with the dismal statistics from the NZ Herald on the illiteracy of South Auckland secondary students, the youth suicide rates which topped the OECD countries, the low immunisation rates for children, and the child abuse and murder of small children by a family member. She believed that preventative medicine in the past had been not nearly good enough but that it was infinitely better than the travesty of the current health service (from her 2005 perspective). She researched programmes in other parts of the world and focussed on the efficient nationwide supervisory child health service in Israel. She also gave suggestions based on her forty years of experience in the public domain. The paper was sent to everyone she could think of, particularly the relevant members of parliament of each political party. A much abridged version was published in the February 1996 North and South magazine. Zoë reports, “I got polite letters back, but as I should have expected it caused no ripple of interest in any policy changes”.
In retirement, Peter and Zoë enjoyed some further travel. In 1985, Peter was invited back to his old school, Schloss Salem, to celebrate fifty years since his matriculation, which was paid for by the Old Boys Association. This trip also included trips to Greece, Italy, France, and one week in London. Zoë had her own theory about the reason for Peter’s invitation:
Amazingly, 50 years after the event, the Germans currently associated with the school must have felt that some atonement was due to a half-Jewish Alt-Salemer who during the Nazi era had been forced out of Europe into exile and had to spend the rest of his life in some God-forsaken little country at the bottom of the world. Their concern for the poor badly-done-by refugee was of course misplaced, as Peter had never felt in the least sorry for himself, but on the contrary had always believed himself lucky to have found domicile in the small egalitarian British democracy he so loved.
Peter and Zoë enjoyed further overseas travel in 1990, ‘93, ‘94, ‘97 and ‘98. These often started in Sydney to visit a grandson and, in 1994, included a stop in Melbourne where Simon, their eldest son, gave his inaugural lecture for the new Robert Wallace Professor of English at the University of Melbourne. The 1997 trip included the Munich Opera Tour organised by Auckland University Continuing Education. The 1998 trip focussed on USA art museums in Los Angeles and New York with a quick three-day round trip tour from New York to the galleries in Madrid. With advancing years, they limited their travel to the warmer Pacific Islands and Queensland.
Family
After fifty-seven years of marriage, Peter died suddenly of a heart attack in June 2002. He had had several transient ischaemic attacks, which caused slowly deteriorating physical and mental capabilities, but he was able to continue to live at home. They had a low-key commemorative service at their home with about ninety attending – family, friends, and Ruakura colleagues who remembered him as an excellent and productive scientist who made an important contribution to NZ agriculture. In later years, Zoë was often stopped on the street, and his Howick bridge mates would tell her what a perfect gentleman he was with such old-fashioned manners. At the time of the publication of her memoir, she was quietly living in their home on the cliffs at Cockle Bay. She enjoyed looking over the trees, roses, and shrubs that Peter had planted to the marvellous view of the sea and islands of the Gulf. She was grateful that with the assistance of her old friends – the gardener, the lawn mower and the home maintenance person – she could quietly live there.
Her daughters remember her as a person of routine and discipline. She did her exercises and walked every day. She swam and loved going to the movies. On her walks, she often felt faint, so she would lie down on a grassy berm until her energy returned. She developed a rare cancer and made the decision to go into a private hospital home as mobility was an increasing problem. On 24 November 2008, at the age of eighty-three, she died of pneumonia.
In her memoir, Zoë recounts her children’s lives up to 2005, and her pride in her grandchildren. Simon, a former professor at John Hopkins University, is now a professorial fellow at the University of Melbourne and lives between Brisbane and Berlin. (2) Camilla studied piano at the University of Auckland and then pursued her interest in teaching, composing, and publishing music for young children until her retirement. (3) Mary, who later changed her name to Miriam Kauders, became a primary school teacher and then an educational psychologist. She was also responsible for following up on the 2018 discovery of her great-aunt Gertrud Kauders artwork hidden in the structure of her friend’s home being built in Prague, Czechoslovakia during the very early years of World War 2. Gertrud was arrested in May 1942 and later killed in the holocaust. (4) Matthew did his medical degree at the University of Auckland and became a pioneering neuroscientist developing gene therapy for human applications. He died in early 2023. (5) Michiel earned his Diploma in Hotel and Catering Management and became involved in the management of hotels. He later developed a career in computers to meet the requirements of individual hotels. (6)
Honours
In 1986, Zoë was awarded an MBE for services for children, an award she felt was “minimally deserved”. However, she was very pleased to receive the Charles Southwell Award in 2000. This award is bestowed by the NZ Association of Rationalists and Humanists on someone they consider “enlightened”. The inscription stated, “To Zoë During in recognition of the invaluable contributions she has made to a wide variety of moral, social and health issues over a great many years”.
Zoë valued her education at Samuel Marsden Collegiate School and, in later years, was a regular visitor at Old Girls celebrations. In 2013, five years after her death, she was posthumously inducted into the Marsden Hall of Fame, and her children donated The Zoë During Award for Social Justice (7) to a year 13 Samuel Marsden Collegiate student “who is prepared to be outspoken and take action in alleviating suffering and inequality”. (8) The posthumous award recognised Zoë’s promotion of child and family health in the latter half of the twentieth century and her practice of social justice in areas of abortion, homosexuality law reform, poverty, and the freeing of prisoners of conscience. (7) Marsden website, outlining this award, concludes with the following (7):
Dr Zoë During combined intellectual brilliance with clinical expertise and a lifelong commitment to the welfare of those less fortunate. Her clarity of thought, generous spirit, and breadth of knowledge strengthened those who worked with her.
Conclusion
The following are some of Zoë’s thoughts in summing up her life:
As I look back over my life I see it as a remarkably lucky one … I was born into a marvellous family that didn’t just love me but made enormous sacrifices to give me the best possible start to life. I knew that we were poor but complaints about our straitened circumstances never reached my ears. We were, all in all a rather odd family, peripheral to the main middle-class stream and this gave me a perspective for which I have always been grateful.
How lucky I was in my marriage. How crazy to marry at twenty years of age, someone I had only known for less than a month. It could so easily have been disastrous but it wasn’t.
Then how lucky in my children who thanks to Peter’s genes are intellectually bright and they are also kind – kindness in my book being the cardinal virtue.
It is also a wonder that somehow I became medically qualified, although hardly ever a proper doctor. But the training gave me an invaluable grasp of basic science and made possible a job promoting health, which I greatly enjoyed and was rather good at.
Bibliography
- During Z. It’s Been Mostly Fun – The Memoir and Musings of a Maverick Medico. Vol. 1,2,and 3. Wellington2005.
- Prof Simon During Melbourne: The University of Melbourne; 2023 [06.11.2023]. Available from: https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/12576-simon-during
- During C, Martyn M. If you ever meet a dinosaur 2022. Available from: https://ifyouevermeetadinosaur.bandcamp.com/album/if-you-ever-meet-a-dinosaur
- Chapple A, Vaskova DK. Photo Exclusive: Hidden From The Nazis, Murdered Jewish Artist’s Trove Of Paintings Discovered In Prague House: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty; 2020 [06.11.2023]. Available from: https://www.rferl.org/a/murdered-jewish-artist-paintings-kauders-nazis-prague/30858168.html
- Matthew During Obituary. The New Zealand Herald. 2023 04.02.2023. Available from: https://notices.nzherald.co.nz/nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/name/matthew-during-obituary?id=40051131
- During M. Mike During, Director at GuestTraction: Linked In; 2023 [06.11.2023]. Available from: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mike-during/
- Zoë During (nee Smuts Kennedy) MBE (1925-2008) – Inducted 2013 Wellington: Samuel Marsden Collegiate School; 2013 [06.11.2023]. Available from: https://alumni.marsden.school.nz/ocd.aspx?action=check_bulletin&code=&mess_no=47_1624910415&bulletin_name=news_bulletin_6&category=
- Samuel Marsden Collegiate School Prizegiving 2019 Wellington: Samuel Marsden Collegiate School; 2019 [06.11.2023]. Available from: https://www.marsden.school.nz/media/3293/copy-of-final-prize-list.pdf
